The skin, the body’s largest and most visible organ, is a fascinating entity—a living tapestry that not only reflects our external environment but also demonstrates the intricate functions within. While much focus has been on external factors such as sun exposure, skin care products or toxins, an emerging body of research highlights a deeper, more intimate relationship between the skin and the gut. This article aims to provide information about the connection between healthy skin and the internal functions of the gut.
Recent scientific research has revealed a complex relationship between the gut and brain, with additional findings about the gut and skin, coined the "gut-skin axis" (Arch, 2010). This axis describes how disruptions in gut health may manifest in skin conditions, such as acne, eczema or psoriasis.
This article is only available to registered users.
Log In to View the Full Article
The skin, the body’s largest and most visible organ, is a fascinating entity—a living tapestry that not only reflects our external environment but also demonstrates the intricate functions within. While much focus has been on external factors such as sun exposure, skin care products or toxins, an emerging body of research highlights a deeper, more intimate relationship between the skin and the gut. This article aims to provide information about the connection between healthy skin and the internal functions of the gut.
The Gut-Skin Axis
Recent scientific research has revealed a complex relationship between the gut and brain, with additional findings about the gut and skin, coined the "gut-skin axis" (Arch, 2010). This axis describes how disruptions in gut health may manifest in skin conditions, such as acne, eczema or psoriasis.
The gut processes nutrients, eliminates toxins and houses two-thirds of the body’s immune system. The gut-skin axis reveals a constant dialogue. When the gut’s microbiome is out of balance or inflammation occurs, it is likely to see visible signs on the skin. By paying close attention to the skin's appearance, you may be able to recognize the subtle (and sometimes not-so-subtle) clues that point to underlying gut issues.
What do the Skin and Gut Have in Common?
The skin consists of epithelial cells that maintain a crucial link between the internal and the external and are the first line of defense in preventing the entry of harmful microorganisms (Shaykhiev, 2007). Skin acidity creates an inhospitable environment for potential pathogens and inhibits bacterial overgrowth. Keratin is present in the squamous epithelium of the skin, providing a physical barrier to most microorganisms (Madison, 2003). In addition, sebum is produced by the sebaceous glands, containing several antimicrobial molecules as well as specific nutritional lipids.
The gut encompasses the digestive system, which contains mucus, acidity and its own microbiome. The stomach secretes strong acid and protein-digesting enzymes to break down foods for absorption and to defend against harmful bacteria. Additionally, the mucosal lining helps to trap microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory tract. (Dhamoon, 2020)
Skin and Gut Microbiomes
The gut harbors trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota. These bacteria, viruses and fungi participate in digestion, contribute to the production of vitamins and limit the entry of potentially harmful pathogens.
A balanced microbiota supports the immune system and can help protect the skin from inflammation and infection. However, a gut imbalance—known as dysbiosis—can increase systemic inflammation and contribute to skin disorders. Dysbiosis in the skin and/or gut microbiome is associated with an immune response, promoting the development of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, dandruff and skin cancer. (Sonnenberg, 2011)
The Gut and Common Skin Connections
Acne: Persistent or cystic acne, especially in adults, is often linked to gut dysbiosis. When the gut is overwhelmed by harmful bacteria or yeast, inflammation can rise, and toxins may enter the bloodstream, contributing to breakouts. (Bowe, 2011)
Atopic dermatitis: Eczema’s itchy, inflamed patches have been closely associated with food allergies, sensitivities and a leaky gut. Research shows that individuals with eczema often have less microbial diversity in their guts, which may lead to immune system overactivity. (Song, 2016)
Psoriasis: Studies indicate that people with psoriasis frequently experience altered gut barrier function, increased intestinal permeability and gut inflammation. (Statnikov, 2013)
Rosacea: Studies have shown that this skin condition may be connected to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and Helicobacter pylori infection. (Parodi, 2008)
Dryness and Flaking: Nutrient deficiencies due to poor digestion can lead to dry, flaky skin. Essential fatty acids, vitamin A and zinc, are all crucial for skin health, which may not be absorbed in the gut.
In Summary
Understanding the connection between gut and skin health emphasizes the importance of holistic self-care. For individuals struggling with persistent skin problems, it may be valuable to examine dietary habits and gut health along with customized treatments. Research continues to uncover new links between digestive health and skin conditions, suggesting that a healthy gut is foundational for overall wellness.
References
Shaykhiev R., Bals R. Interactions between epithelial cells and leukocytes in immunity and tissue homeostasis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2007;82:1–15. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0207096.
Madison K.C. Barrier function of the skin:“la raison d’etre” of the epidermis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2003;121:231–241. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12359.x
Patricia J.J., Dhamoon A.S. Physiology, Digestion. [(accessed on 2 November 2020)];2019 Available online: https://europepmc.org/books/nbk544242
Sonnenberg G.F., Monticelli L.A., Elloso M.M., Fouser L.A., Artis D. CD4+ lymphoid tissue-inducer cells promote innate immunity in the gut. Immunity. 2011;34:122–134. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.009
Song H., Yoo Y., Hwang J., Na Y.C., Kim H.S. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies–level dysbiosis in the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2016;137:852–860. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.021.
Statnikov A., Alekseyenko A.V., Li Z., Henaff M., Perez-Perez G.I., Blaser M.J., Aliferis C.F. Microbiomic signatures of psoriasis: Feasibility and methodology comparison. Sci. Rep. 2013;3:2620. doi: 10.1038/srep02620.
Parodi A., Paolino S., Greco A., Drago F., Mansi C., Rebora A., Parodi A., Savarino V. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in rosacea: Clinical effectiveness of its eradication. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008;6:759–764. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.054.
Vlachos C., Gaitanis G., Katsanos K.H., Christodoulou D.K., Tsianos E., Bassukas I.D. Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: Links and risks. Psoriasis. 2016;6:73. doi: 10.2147/PTT.S85194
Humbert P., Pelletier F., Dreno B., Puzenat E., Aubin F. Gluten intolerance and skin diseases. Eur. J. Dermatol. 2006;16:4–11.
Grossi E., Cazzaniga S., Crotti S., Naldi L., Di Landro A., Ingordo V., Cusano F., Atzori L., Tripodi Cutrì F., Musumeci M., et al. The constellation of dietary factors in adolescent acne: A semantic connectivity map approach. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2016;30:96–100. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12878.
Bowe W.P., Logan A.C. Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis-back to the future? Gut Pathog. 2011;3:1–11. doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-3-1.
Cummings J.H., Macfarlane G.T. Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. Clin. Nutr. 1997;16:3–11. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5614(97)80252-X.
Kong H.H., Oh J., Deming C., Conlan S., Grice E.A., Beatson M.A., Nomicos E., Polley E.C., Komarow H.D., Murray P.R., et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012;22:850–859. doi: 10.1101/gr.131029.111.
Rebora A., Drago F., Parodi A. May Helicohacter pylori be important for dermatologists. Dermatology. 1995;191:6–8. doi: 10.1159/000246470.
Arck P., Handjiski B., Hagen E., Pincus M., Bruenahl C., Bienenstock J., Paus R. Is there a ‘gut–brain–skin axis’? Exp. Dermatol. 2010;19:401–405. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01060.x
